How to Make Red Fire

Road flares contain strontium nitrate in addition to other ingredients (potassium nitrate or potassium perchlorate, sawdust, charcoal, maybe some sulfur, magnesium, or aluminum). Strontium salts burn bright red. Obtaining Strontium Salts If you want to make red fire and arent in a position to order strontium salts its easy to harvest material from a road flare. Heres what you do: Take a pocket knife or steak knife and carefully cut open the cardboard tube of the flare.Pour the powder into a bowl or jar.You can sprinkle this powder sparingly onto a campfire or fireplace fire.You can store unused powder in a paper bag. Keep it dry, but away from heat and flame. How To Create the Fire Alternatively, you can ignite the powder directly. Put about a tablespoon of powder onto a fire-proof surface. Pour a little accelerant onto the base of your powder (try ​Heet, which is methanol). Light the accelerant. If you are using methanol, it will burn out and the powder will begin to burn. The flame will be very bright. You may wish to cut the mixture with powdered sugar or charcoal before lighting it.

Police Brutality And The United States Essay - 1408 Words

Police brutality in the United States has escalated in recent times. To develop a peaceful environment amongst human beings, one of the main topics to look at is human rights. While more often than not, police brutality violates the concept of human rights it is still a very important task to discuss the topic and create possible solutions to such a concerning and threatening issues in the United States. In this case, statistics is a very important factor that is required to display how serious of an issue police brutality is, along with examples on how to fix or lower the amount of yearly police brutality cases. Also, since many of these cases occur in African - American or Latino based areas of the United States, it is also important to discuss whether there is an aspect of racism attached to these violent police acts within the country. Within the concept of peace, human rights is a topic that is discussed very often. To achieve a desired level of peace, humanity needs to exist and all humans should be treated equally. Jim Ife states in the article â€Å"Peace and Human Rights† that the aims of peace can be seen best at times of conflict(Ife,2007,162). Police brutality is a concept that is very controversial and constantly discussed and portrayed as negative in the media. In 2014, the U.S department of justice conducted an investigation and concluded that the Albuquerque police department engaged in a pattern of violent force which sometime included deadlyShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages Police Brutality in the United States University of Nebraska Kearney Colton Blankenship Abstract This research paper is an overview of police brutality in the United States. The paper covers what police brutality is and the definition. The information about police brutality is expanded about what is reasonable and excessive use of force an officer can use. Information is included about the thoughts of what the citizens feel about police brutality. Among the white andRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1286 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality continues to be one of the most serious and contentious violations of human rights in the United States. The unreasonable amount of force used by police officers prevails because of a lack of accountability. This makes it feasible for officers who do violate human rights to get off clean and recommit the violation. A sad fact is that police and/or public officials deny time after time any claims of human rights violations, claiming it was an abnormality, when they should be takingRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesAssault Being a minority in the United States has never been easy and does not seem to be getting any better. Minorities have been exposed to violence by law enforcement for many decades. Law enforcement s are tasked with protecting and serving its citizens, not to harass and assault them. Police brutality is a continuous problem in the United States and officers need to be accountable for their actions. This research project will examine how police brutality often leads to death because of someRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police abuse is one of the most violated human rights in the United States. Police are portrayed as heroes that stop bank robbers, stop kidnappings and catch murders, but as of recent year’s police actions have come into the public eye. While typically citizens worry about their safety from criminals, it also seems they have to keep an eye out for the people who are supposed to protect them from danger. Thousands of complaints about police brutality is reported each year, and seemsRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1630 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forgetRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States2239 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Police brutality against minorities across the United States has become a huge topic of interest. There are multiple events where interactions with minorities have had a horrible outcome. Police brutality is defined as the use of excessive force against a civilian and has caught the attention of many in the past few decades. This paper will argue that law enforcement officers disproportionally target minorities as criminal suspects. Racial profiling takes place due to law enforcementRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1608 Words   |  7 PagesPolice abuse remains as one of the most deliberate human rights violations in the United States. For over a decade police have acted in ways that makes us question their professionalism. Makes the wonder if law enforcement are taking advantage of their criminal justice â€Å"powers† October 22 is â€Å"National Day of Protest to Stop Police Brutality, Repression and Criminalization of an Entire Generation†. (Aol News). On October 22 many people across the country wear black to fight back against police brutalityRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesBeing a minority in the United States has never been easy and does not seem to be getting any better. Minorities have been exposed to violence by law enforcement for many decades. Law enforcement s are tasked with protecting and serving its citizens, not to harass and assault them. Police brutality is a continuous problem in the United States and officers need to be accountable for their actions. This research project will examine how police brutality often leads to death because of some officersRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States Essay2135 Words   |  9 PagesThe United States is facing a continuous wide spread of police brutality from the past to today. TV Networks, newspapers/magazines, bloggers and forums are getting involved into the discussion about police brutality. After a father bought a t oy gun for his son for his birthday, his son went outside to play and a police officer saw him with the gun not knowing it was a toy and shot him several times. This incident occurred in Sonoma County in October 2013. Something close to that happened in NovemberRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1376 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent at this time in social media and mainstream media is the presence of police brutality in the United States. Two instances in the news recently are the disputes that resulted in the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown. On July 17, 2014, a plainclothes officer for the New York Police Department stopped Eric Garner on the street and attempted to take him into custody. After Garner resisted arrest, the police officer placed him in an apparent chokehold—a move that is banned by the NYPD

Modern Ethical Theories Free Essays

Philosophically Egoism theory purports that one’s self is or should be the motivation and reasons of our own actions.   This theory has two variations, descriptive or normative variation and altruism variation.   Altruism variation holds that one should maximize good for all being in the world (Hobbes, 1651). We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Ethical Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Altruism is the opposite of egoism. Ethical egoism is a normative theory that revolves around the idea that each individual should do what is entirely in his or her self interests and by doing actions that aimed at self interest he or she achieves morality.   The theory states that one’s self interest is the primary motive of actions and is the moral thing to do. Hence the theory is a self effacing theory which tries to justify reasons for actions as duty bound or morally right. Psychological egoism theory on the other hand is a descriptive theory that describes human actions as wholly motivated by self interest it implies that individual’s actions are purely by self centered even though the actions may seem to be motivated by interest of others (More, G.E., 1903).   It states that, â€Å"all human actions are selfish acts at their roots†. Thus it asserts that if individual helps others, acts which may seem to be of benefit to others.   The primary motive may be the need for an individual to better him/herself thus making the act self-seeking.   It is impossible to empirically prove the psychological egoism theory wrong but it is just as hard to empirically prove the theory right.   In addition once the premise of the theory is accepted the actions can be interpreted to support the theory. Fallacy of Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism theory states that people are always motivated by their own interests.   This   however hastily   generalizes actions and their motivation   since there are instances we can disapprove this such as, when an individual smokes .this is an act that can be harmful to one’s wellbeing thus not act in   self interest, others such as soldiers carry out their duties without considering personal gains. There are also instances where motivations to act may appear to be of no self interest   at face value but   are nevertheless self interest motivated (Rachels, J., 2003).   For example if an individual is motivated to act out of fear or his acts are motivated by fear, he/she may be acting in the interest of self-preservation. On the other hand, these actions/reactions may be driven by the interest of the other individual or threats from this other individual thus his/her action may be classified as an action motivated for other’s interest.   In this case, the individual actions are what she/he is motivated to do, for instance run. The strong and weak versions of Ethical Egoism The ethical egoism can be split into two versions; the strong and the weak versions.   The strong version supports the endorsement of an individual’s own good as the moral thing to do.   Individual actions that are driven by self-interest or self fulfillment arise out of moral judgement while the weak version supports the premise that there are situations where it may be prudent to ignore personal welfare when making moral judgement (Rachels, J., 2003). For instance if a soldier lies on a grenade to save his friends he may act this way to be able to live with himself In other words if he acted otherwise he may live the rest of his life with a guilty conscience .However the strong version might interpret this action as the moral thing to do. Contrast in Motivation Doctrines of the two theories Psychological egoism theory is the empirical doctrine that an individual’s act is a desire for one’s own welfare (Sigmund, F., 1966).   However, these acts usually conceal the determining motives.   This concealment is usually in their self-interest.   The theory results from observation of human behaviour and can only be proved empirically if there are no exceptions.   It makes no claim to how individuals should act for their self-interest.   This premise can be argued to be verifiable but non-moral. On the other hand, the ethical egoism theory is prescriptive doctrine that individuals actions are in self-interest that is for personal welfare thus the personal welfare is the most valuable thing for an individual.   However, the theory does not claim that all individuals seek their own self interest.   It only claims that individuals should seek their own self-interest that is all individual might not seek self-interest (Sigmund, F., 1966).   For the ethical egoism theory to hold or to be proven as a theory its premises must hold for all individuals. Differences between ethical egoism and psychological egoism Psychological egoism is descriptive while the ethical egoism theory is prescriptive, that is, the psychological theory states why individuals act the way they do while the ethical theory suggests the reasons for such.   The other difference is concerned with their motivation doctrines.   In psychological egoism it is human nature to be driven by selfish reasons whereas in the ethical egoism theory selfish acts are the morally right thing to do (More, G.E., 1903).Psychological egoism deals with reality while ethical egoism deals with what reality should be. It   can also be argued that ethical egoism approves of cooperative behaviour   while psychological egoism does not since the theory   believes in achieving maximum welfare though selfish actions . Conclusion Self-interest actions are not always selfish actions in that one can act in such a way as to benefit or for his personal welfare improvement.   Such actions cannot be termed as selfish and this is always seen as acts out of self-interest.   Self-interest acts are not always selfish acts but selfish actions are always out of personal self-interest. For example if an individual’s self interest is to obey the law we can claim the individual is doing this out of self interest, that is, it is in his/her self interest to avoid legal troubles like being jailed.   This can be seen as a selfish act.   But by obeying the law, it can also be argued that he is doing this in the interest of others or out of consideration of others.   In this case, this is not a selfish act.   However, self-interest actions are not always incompatible with the interest of others for example to help others, which is not a self-interest act.   An individual must first help himself inorder to be in a position to help others. Reference G.E. Moore (1903).   In Principia Ethica: Cambridge University Press. Rachels, J. (2003). The Elements of moral philosophy (4th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Sigmund, Freud (1966).   The Interpretation of Dreams.   New York: Avon.    How to cite Modern Ethical Theories, Essay examples

Euphemisms history, types and examples free essay sample

Introduction The euphemism is a permutation of an agreeable or less violative look in topographic point of one that may pique or propose something unpleasant to the hearer, [ 1 ]or to do it less troublesome for the talker, as in the instance of doublespeak. The deployment of euphemisms is a cardinal facet within the public application of political rightness. It may besides replace a description of something or person to avoid uncovering secret, holy, or sacred names to the naive, or to befog the individuality of the topic of a conversation from possible eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to divert. Chapter 1. THE HISTORY OF EUPHEMISMS 1.1 Etymology The word euphemism comes from the Grecian word euphemo, intending auspicious/good/fortunate speech/kind which in bend is derived from the Grecian root-words Eu ( # 949 ; # 965 ; ) , good/well + pheme ( # 966 ; # 942 ; # 956 ; # 951 ; ) speech/speaking . The eupheme was originally a word or phrase used in topographic point of a spiritual word or phrase that should non be spoken aloud ; etymologically, the eupheme is the antonym of the blaspheme ( evil-speaking ) . The primary illustration of tabu words necessitating the usage of a euphemism are the indefinable names for a divinity, such as Persephone, Hecate, or Nemesis. Euphemism was itself used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks, intending to maintain a holy silence ( talking good by non talking at all ) . Historical linguistics has revealed hints of forbidden distortions in many linguistic communications. Several are known to hold occurred in Indo-European linguistic communications, including the original Proto-Indo-European words for bear ( *rtkos ) , wolf ( *wlkwos ) , and cervid ( originally, Hart ; the distortion probably occurred to avoid confusion with bosom ) . In different Indo-germanic linguistic communications, each of these words has a hard etymology because of tabu distortions # 8212 ; a euphemism was substituted for the original, which no longer occurs in the linguistic communication. An illustration is the Slavic root for bear # 8212 ; *medu-ed- , which means honey feeder . One illustration in English is donkey replacing the old Indo-European-derived word buttocks . The word blowball ( lit. , tooth of king of beasts, mentioning to the form of the foliages ) is another illustration, being a replacement for pissenlit, intending wet the bed , a possible mention to the fact that blowball was used as a diuretic. In some linguistic communications of the Pacific, utilizing the name of a asleep head is forbidden. Among autochthonal Australians, it is out to utilize the name, image, or audio-visual recording of the asleep, so that the Australian Broadcasting Corporation now publishes a warning to autochthonal Australians when utilizing names, images or audio-visual recordings of people who have died. [ 2 ] Since people are frequently named after mundane things, this leads to the Swift development of euphemisms. These linguistic communications have a really high rate of vocabulary alteration. [ 3 ] In a similar mode, classical Chinese texts were expected to avoid utilizing characters contained within the name of the presently governing emperor as a mark of regard. In these cases, the relevant ideogram were replaced by equivalent word. While this pattern creates an extra furrow for anyone trying to read or interpret texts from the classical period, it does supply a reasonably accurate agencies of dating the paperss under consideration. The common names of illicit drugs, and the workss used to obtain them, frequently undergo a procedure similar to taboo distortion, because new footings are devised in order to discourse them in secret in the presence of others. This procedure frequently occurs in English ( e.g. velocity or grouch for Methedrine ) . It occurs even more in Spanish, e.g. the distortion of names for hemp: mota ( lit. , something which moves on the black market ) , replacing grifa ( lit. , something coarse to the touch ) , replacing marijuana ( a female personal name, Mar # 237 ; a Juana ) , replacing ca # 241 ; amo ( the original Spanish name for the works, derived from the Latin genus name Cannabis ) . All four of these names are still used in assorted parts of the Hispanophone universe, although ca # 241 ; amo ironically has the least underworld intension, and is frequently used to depict industrial hemp, or legitimate medically-prescribed hemp. 1.2 History of euphemisms in English A great figure of euphemisms in English came from words with Latin roots. Farb ( 1974 ) writes that after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066: the community began to do a differentiation between a genteel and an obscene vocabulary, between the Latinate words of the upper category and the lustful Anglo-Saxon of the lower. That is why a duchess perspired and expectorated and menstruated while a kitchen amah sweated and spat and bled. In the good old ( read over the hill, chronologically-gifted ) yearss of the English linguistic communication, there was a eye-popping sum of delicious doubletalk non to advert a handful of merely screaming grips as seen below: brandy referred to as Gallic Cream by time-enhanced tabbies and dowager duchesses who added it to their tea ( dirt stock ) knee pantss bumfiddles, galligaskins, inexpressibles beer maker Brother of the Bung constable bus-napper coachman Brother of the Whip trader in fruit costard trader eggs cackling flatuss pes male child catch flatus footman bone chooser violinist gut scraper or tormenter of cat intestine indigent Gentleman of Three Outs, i.e. without money, without humor, and without manners match-maker cheek agent curate autem roarer who conducts his personal businesss in an autem cacle bath ( church meeting hall ) procurer Brother of the Gusset traffic circle narrative or manner circumbendibus salesman s store Bow-Wow Shop ( because the servant barks and the maestro bites ) Sargeant At Arms Brother of the Coif headmaster bum brusher shoe-making the art of gentle trade tea cat lap, dirt stock mortician embalming sawbones upholsterer entomologist married woman comfy importance 1.3 Euphemism treadmill Euphemisms frequently evolve over clip into forbidden words themselves, through a procedure described by W.V.O. Quine, and more late dubbed the euphemism treadmill by Steven Pinker. ( californium. Gresham s Law in economic sciences ) . This is the well-known lingual procedure known as pejoration or semantic alteration . Wordss originally intended as euphemisms may lose their inoffensive value, geting the negative intensions of their referents. In some instances, they may be used jeeringly and go dysphemisms. For illustration, the term concentration cantonment , to depict cantonments used to restrict civilian members of the Boer community in stopping point ( concentrated ) quarters, was used by the British during the Second Boer War, chiefly because it sounded bland and inoffensive. Despite the high decease rates in the British concentration cantonments, the term remained acceptable as a euphemism. However, after the Third Reich used the look to depict its decease cantonments, the term gained tremendous negative intension. Besides, in some versions of English, lavatory room , itself a euphemism, was replaced with bathroom and H2O cupboard , which were replaced with public toilet and W.C. These are besides illustrations of euphemisms which are geographically concentrated: the term public toilet is seldom used outside of the United States and W.C. , where before it was rather popular in Britain, is go throughing out of favour and going more popular in France and is the polite term of pick in Germany. Intensions easy change over clip. Idiot , idiot , and idiot were one time impersonal footings for a developmentally delayed grownup of yearling, preschool, and primary school mental ages, severally. [ 4 ]As with Gresham s jurisprudence, negative intensions tend to herd out impersonal 1s, so the phrase mentally retarded was pressed into service to replace them. [ 5 ]Now that, excessively, is considered rude, used normally as an abuse of a individual, thing, or thought. As a consequence, new footings like mentally challenged , with an rational disablement , larning troubles and particular demands have replaced retarded . A similar patterned advance occurred with: square # 8594 ; crippled # 8594 ; handicapped # 8594 ; disabled # 8594 ; physically challenged # 8594 ; otherwise abled although in the instance of crippled the significance has besides broadened ( and hence has been narrowed with adjectives, which themselves have been euphemised ) ; a dyslexic or colorblind individual, for illustration, would non be termed crippled . Even more recent is the usage of person-centric phrases, such as individual ( s ) with disablement, dyslexia, colorblindness, etc. , which ascribe a peculiar status to those antecedently qualified with the aforesaid adjectives. Euphemisms can besides function to recirculate words that have passed out of usage because of negative intension. The word feeble from above, holding faded from the slang, was revitalized as a slang word by and large intending non populating up to outlooks . Connotation of a euphemism can besides be subject-specific. The term disability was in common usage to depict a physical disablement ; it gained common usage in athleticss and games to depict a scoring advantage given to a participant who has a disadvantageous standing in ability, and this definition has remained common, even though the term as depicting physical disablement has largely faded from common usage. One exclusion to this is in the United States when denominating handicapped parking infinites for such persons. In the early 1960s, Major League Baseball franchise proprietor and booster Bill Veeck, who was losing portion of a leg, argued against the then-favored euphemism handicapped , stating he preferred crippled because it was simply descriptive and did non transport intensions of restricting one s capableness the manner handicapped ( and all of its subsequent euphemisms ) seemed to make ( Veeck as in Wreck, chapter I m Not Handicapped, I m Crippled ) . Later, comedian George Carlin gave a celebrated soliloquy of how he thought euphemisms can sabotage appropriate attitudes towards serious issues such as the evolving footings depicting the medical job of the cumulative mental injury of soldiers in high emphasis state of affairss: [ 6 ] shell daze ( World War I ) # 8594 ; conflict weariness ( World War II ) # 8594 ; operational exhaustion ( Korean War ) # 8594 ; posttraumatic emphasis upset ( Vietnam War ) He contended that, as the name of the status became more complicated and apparently arcane, sick persons of this status have been taken less earnestly as people with a serious unwellness, and were given poorer intervention as a consequence. He besides contended that Vietnam veterans would hold received the proper attention and attending they needed were the status still called shell daze . In the same modus operandi, he echoed Bill Veeck s sentiment that crippled was a absolutely valid term ( and noted that early English interlingual renditions of the Bible seemed to hold no scruples about stating that Jesus healed the cripples ) . A complementary dysphemism treadmill exists, but is more seldom observed. One modern illustration is the word scumbag, which was originally a mention to a used rubber, now is a reasonably mild name. [ 7 ]This is in blunt contrast to the related term douchebag, which is still semi-common but has a much more negative intension. [ commendation needed ] Similarly, spastic was one time a impersonal form of a sick person of muscular hypertonicity in British English. But after Joey Deacon appeared on UK kids s Television programme Blue Peter, kids began to utilize spastic ( and discrepancies such as spaz and spacker ) as an abuse and the term is now seen as really violative. The Spastics Society changed their name to Scope in 1994 ; kids so began to utilize Scoper as a similar abuse. While the term was developing into an abuse in British English, it was germinating in a radically different manner in American English. In the U.S. , spastic became a nonoffensive equivalent word for awkwardness, whether physical or mental, and nerdiness, and is really frequently used in a self-deprecating mode. The difference between the British and American intensions of spastic was starkly shown in 2006 when golf great Tiger Woods used spaz to depict his seting in that twelvemonth s Masters. The comment went wholly unnoticed in America, bu t caused a major tumult in the UK. In his comments on the ever-changing London slang, made in Down and Out in Paris and London, George Orwell mentioned both the euphemism treadmill and the dysphemism treadmill. He did non utilize these now-established footings, but observed and commented on the several procedures every bit early as in 1933. Chapter 2. THE Euphemism: ITS USAGE, CLASSIFICATION AND OTHER PECULIARITIES 2.1 Use of euphemisms When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it frequently becomes a metaphor whose actual significance is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to conceal unpleasant or upseting thoughts, even when the actual term for them is non needfully violative. This type of euphemism is used in public dealingss and political relations, where it is sometimes called doublespeak. Sometimes, utilizing euphemisms is equated to politeness. There are besides superstitious euphemisms, based ( consciously or subconsciously ) on the thought that words have the power to convey bad luck ( for illustration, non talking the word autism ; see etymology and common illustrations below ) , and there are spiritual euphemisms, based on the thought that some words are holy, or that some words are spiritually endangering ( tabu ; see etymology ) . 2.2 Categorization Many euphemisms fall into one or more of these classs: # 183 ; Footings of foreign and/or proficient beginning ( derri # 232 ; rhenium, sexual intercourse, perspire, urinate, security breach, mierda de toro, contraceptive, fecal matters occur, shei # 223 ; T ) # 183 ; Abbreviations ( GD for goddamn, SOB for boy of a bitch, BS for Irish bull, TS for tough crap, SOL for denouncing out of fortune or PDQ for reasonably darn ( erectile dysfunction ) quick, [ 8 ]BFD for large screw trade, MOFO for asshole , POS for piece of crap, STFU or STHU for closing the fuck/hell up, RTFM for read the sleep togethering manual /restart the screw machine ) o Abbreviations utilizing a spelling alphabet, particularly in military contexts ( Charlie Foxtrot for Cluster screw , Whiskey Tango Foxtrot Oscar for What the screw, over? , Bravo Sierra for Irish bull # 8212 ; See Military slang ) O Plaies on abbreviations ( H-e-double hockey sticks for snake pit , a-double serpents or a-double-dollar-signs for buttocks , Sugar Honey Iced Tea for crap , bee with an scabies or enchantress with a capital B for bitch , catch ( or see ) you following Tuesday ( or Thursday ) for bitch ) O Use in largely clinical scenes ( PITA for hurting in the buttocks patient ) o Abbreviations for phrases that are non otherwise common ( PEBKAC for Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair , ID Ten T Error or ID-10T Error for Idiot , TOBAS for Take Out Back And Shoot , SNAFU for Situation Normal: All Fucked Up ) # 183 ; Abstractions and ambiguities ( it for body waste, the state of affairs for gestation, traveling to the other side for decease, do it or come together in mention a sexual act, tired and emotional for inebriation. ) # 183 ; Indirections ( behind, undergarments, genitalias, live together, travel to the bathroom, kip together, sub-navel activities ) # 183 ; Mispronunciation ( goldarnit, dadgummit, efing degree Celsius ( sleep togethering bitch ) , freakin, be-atch, shoot # 8212 ; See minced curse ) # 183 ; Litotess or reserved understatement ( non precisely thin for fat , non wholly true for lied , non unlike rip offing for an case of rip offing ) # 183 ; Changing nouns to qualifiers ( makes her look slutty for is a slattern , rightist component for Right Wing ) # 183 ; Names, like John Thomas or Willy for phallus, Fanny for vulva ( British ) , etc. # 183 ; Slang, eg. pot for marihuana, laid for sex and so on There is some dissension over whether certain footings are or are non euphemisms. For illustration, sometimes the phrase visually impaired is labeled as a politically right euphemism for blind. However, ocular damage can be a broader term, including, for illustration, people who have partial sight in one oculus, or even those with uncorrected hapless vision, a group that would be excluded by the word blind. There are three antonyms of euphemism: dysphemism, cacophemism, and power word. The first can be either violative or simply humorously deprecating with the 2nd one by and large used more frequently in the sense of something intentionally violative. The last is used chiefly in statements to do a point seem more correct. 2.3 The development of euphemisms Euphemisms may be formed in a figure of ways. Circumlocution or periphrasis is one of the most common # 8212 ; to talk around a given word, connoting it without stating it. Over clip, periphrasiss become recognized as established euphemisms for peculiar words or thoughts. To change the pronunciation or spelling of a tabu word ( such as a swear word ) to organize a euphemism is known as forbidden distortion. There is an amazing figure of forbidden distortions in English, of which many refer to the ill-famed four-letter words. In American English, words which are unacceptable on telecasting, such as screws, may be represented by distortions such as monster # 8212 ; even in kids s sketchs. Some illustrations of riming slang may function the same intent # 8212 ; to name a individual a berk sounds less violative than to name him a bitch, though berk is short for Berkeley Hunt which rhymes with bitch. Bureaucracies such as the armed forces and big corporations often spawn euphemisms of a more calculated nature. Organizations coin doublespeak looks to depict obnoxious actions in footings that seem impersonal or unoffending. For illustration, a term used in the yesteryear for taint by radioactive isotopes is Sunshine units. [ 9 ] Military organisations kill people, sometimes intentionally and sometimes by error ; in doublespeak, the first may be called neutralizing the mark and the 2nd indirect harm. Violent devastation of non-state enemies may be referred to as mollification. Two common footings when a soldier is by chance killed ( buys the farm ) by their ain side are friendly fire or blue on blue ( BOBbing ) # 8212 ; purchase the farm has its ain interesting history. [ 10 ] Execution is an constituted euphemism mentioning to the act of seting a individual to decease, with or without judicial procedure. It originally referred to the executing, i.e. , the transporting out, of a decease warrant, which is an mandate to a sheriff, prison warden, or other functionary to set a named individual to decease. In legal use, executing can still mention to the transporting out of other types of orders ; for illustration, in U.S. legal use, a writ of executing is a way to implement a civil money judgement by prehending belongings. Likewise, deadly injection itself may be considered a euphemism for seting the inmate to decease by poisoning. Abortion originally meant premature birth, and came to intend birth before viability. The term abort was extended to intend any sort of premature stoping, such as aborting the launch of a projectile. Euphemisms have developed around the original significance. Abortion, by itself, came to intend induced abortion or elected abortion entirely. Hence the parallel term self-generated abortion, an act of nature , was dropped in favour of the more neutral-sounding abortion. Industrial unpleasantness such as pollution may be toned down to outgassing or overflow # 8212 ; descriptions of physical procedures instead than their detrimental effects. Some of this may merely be the application of precise proficient nomenclature in the topographic point of popular use, but beyond preciseness, the advantage of proficient nomenclature may be its deficiency of emotional undertones and the likeliness the general populace ( at least ab initio ) will non acknowledge it for what it truly is ; the disadvantage being the deficiency of real-life context. Footings like waste and effluent are besides avoided in favour of footings such as by-product, recycling, rescued H2O and wastewater. In the oil industry, oil-based boring claies were merely renamed organic stage boring clay, where organic stage is a euphemism for oil . Chapter 3. THE DIVISION OF THE EUPHEMISMS ACCORDING TO THEIR Meaning 3.1 Euphemisms for the profane Profane words and looks in the English linguistic communication are normally taken from three countries: faith, elimination, and sex. While profanities themselves have been around for centuries, their limited usage in public and by the media has merely easy become socially acceptable, and there are still many looks which can non be used in polite conversation. One vantage point into the current social tolerance of profane linguistic communication is found in the frequence of such linguistic communication on prime-time telecasting. The word darn ( and most other spiritual profanity in the English linguistic communication ) has lost its daze value, and as a effect, euphemisms for it ( e.g. , dang, darn-it ) have taken on a really stodgy feeling. Euphemisms for male onanism such as socking the bishop , waxing the mahimahi , banging the jambon or slaming one out are used frequently among immature people ( or young persons ) to avoid embarrassment in public. Excretory profanity su ch as urine and crap in some instances may be acceptable among informal ( and normally younger ) [ commendation needed ]friends ( while they about are neer acceptable in formal relationships or public usage ) ; euphemisms such as Number One and Number Two may be preferred for usage with kids. Most sexual footings and looks, even proficient 1s, either remain unacceptable for general usage or have undergone extremist rehabilitation. # 183 ; Religious euphemisms Euphemisms for divinities every bit good as for spiritual patterns and artefacts day of the month to the earliest of written records. Protection of sacred names, rites, and constructs from the naive has ever given rise to euphemisms, whether it be for exclusion of foreigners or the keeping of power among choice practicians. Examples from the Egyptians and every other western faith abound. Euphemisms for God and Jesus, such as gosh and g-force, are used by Christians to avoid taking the name of God in a conceited curse, which some believe would go against one of the Ten Commandments. ( Exodus 20 ) When praying, Jews will typically utilize the word Adonai ( my Lord ) . However, when in a conversational scene, this is deemed inappropriate among Jews, and so typically Jews replace the word Adonai with the word HaShem , which literally means, The Name . It is noteworthy that Adonai is itself a word that refers to the Jewish God s name, # 1497 ; # 1492 ; # 1493 ; # 1492 ; or YHWH, the original pronunciation of which is unknown due to a deficiency of vowels. It was translated as Jehovah for some centuries, but bookmans now agree that it was more likely Yahweh. Traditionally, Hebrews have seen the name of God as indefinable and therefore 1 that must non be spoken. Harmonizing to the Torah, when Moses saw the combustion shrub, he asked God, who are you? The reply he heard was, I am that I am . Thus, Jews have for centuries thought that the name of the Almighty is indefinable, because harmonizing to their logic pronouncing it would be tantamount to naming oneself God . [ commendation needed ] Euphemisms for snake pit, damnation, and the Satan, on the other manus, are frequently used to avoid raising the power or pulling the attending of the antagonist. The most celebrated in the latter class is the look what the devils and its discrepancies, which does non mention to the celebrated British author but alternatively was a popular euphemism for Satan in its clip. # 183 ; Excretory euphemisms While urinate and defecate are non euphemisms, they are used about entirely in a clinical sense. The basic Anglo-Saxon words for these maps, urine and crap, are considered coarsenesss and unacceptable in general usage, despite the usage of urine in the King James Bible ( in Isaiah 36:12 and elsewhere ) . The word manure, mentioning to carnal fecal matters used as fertiliser for workss, literally means worked with the custodies ( from the Latin: hand, adult male # 363 ; s # 8212 ; manus ) , touching to the commixture of manure with Earth. Several menagerie market the by-product of elephants and other big herbivores as Zoo Doo or Zoopoop, and there is a trade name of poulet manure available in garden shops under the name Cock-a-Doodle Doo. Besides, a trade name of sheep manure is called Baa Baa Doo. Similarly, the abbreviation BS, or the word bull, frequently replaces the word Irish bull in polite society. ( The term bullshit itself by and large means prevarications or bunk, and non the actual crap of a bull , doing it a dysphemism. ) There are any figure of lengthier circumlocutions for elimination used to pardon oneself from company, such as to pulverize one s nose, to see a adult male about a Canis familiaris ( or Equus caballus ) , to drop the childs off at the pool or to let go of the cocoa sureties ( these looks could really be regarded as dysphemisms ) . Slang looks which are neither peculiarly inoffensive nor offensive, such as take a leak, organize a separate class. In some linguistic communications, assorted other sensitive topics give rise to euphemisms and dysphemisms. In Spanish, one such topic is category and position. The word Se # 241 ; orito is an illustration, although the euphemism treadmill has turned it to a depreciation, at least in Mexico. # 183 ; Sexual euphemisms The Latin term pudendum and the Greek term # 945 ; # 953 ; # 948 ; # 959 ; # 943 ; # 959 ; # 957 ; ( aidoion ) for the genitalias literally mean black thing . Groin, fork, and loins refer to a larger part of the organic structure, but are inoffensive when used to mention to the genitalias. The word masturbate is derived from Latin, the word hand significance manus and the word sturbare intending to sully. In adult narratives, the words rosebud and sea star are frequently used as euphemisms for anus, by and large in the context of anal sex. Sexual intercourse was one time a euphemism derived from the more general term intercourse by itself, which merely meant meeting but now is usually used as a equivalent word for the longer phrase, therefore doing the town of Intercourse, Pennsylvania, a topic of gags in modern use. The baseball metaphors for sex are possibly the most celebrated and widely-used set of polite euphemisms for sex and relationship behaviour in the U.S. The metaphors encompass footings like hitting it off for a good start to relationship, Striking out for being luckless with a love involvement, and running the bases for come oning sexually in a relationship. The bases themselves, from first to third, stand for assorted degrees of sexual activity from Gallic snoging to petting , itself a euphemism for manual venereal stimulation, all of which is short of hiting or approaching place , sexual intercourse. Hiting a place tally describes sex during the first day of the month, batting both ways ( besides switch-hitting ) or batting for the other squad describes androgyny or homosexualism severally, and larceny bases refers to originating new degrees of sexual contact without invitation. Baseball-related euphemisms besides abound for the equipment ; Bat and ball s are a common mention to the male genital organ, while glove or mitt can mention to the female anatomy. There are many euphemisms for birth control devices, sometimes even propagated by the makers: Condoms are known as gum elastics , sheaths , love baseball mitts , plunging suits , waterproofs , Rebels ( in Ireland and to a lesser grade Britain ) etc. The birth control pill is known merely as The Pill , and other methods of birth control are besides given generalised euphemisms like The Patch , The Sponge , Shots , etc. There are besides many euphemisms for menses, such as holding the painters in , being on the shred , winging the flag ( originally a euphemism for hanging out the bedsheet after a nuptials dark as a testament to the adult female s virginity ) , or it merely being that clip of the month , Munster playing at place ( Irish ) . Euphemisms are besides common in mention to sexual orientations and life styles. For illustration in the film Closer the character played by Jude Law uses the euphemism He valued his privateness for being homosexual. As an aside, the usage of euphemisms for sexual activity has grown under the force per unit area of recent opinions by the Federal Communications Commission sing what constitutes nice on-air broadcast address. The FCC included many good known euphemisms in its lists of banned footings but indicated that even new and unknown mintages might be considered indecorous one time it became clear what they referenced. George Carlin s Seven Words You Ca nt Say On Television evolved into the Incomplete List of Impolite Words , available in text and audio signifier, and contains 100s of euphemisms and dysphemisms to genitalia, the act of holding sex, assorted signifiers of sex, sexual orientations, etc. that have all become excessively dyslogistic for polite conversation, including such luminaries as acquiring your pole varnished and eating the tuna greaser . Carlin besides did a spot on the utilizations of the word screw , originally merely a dysphemism for the sex act but going an adverb, adjectival, noun, etc. This diverseness is besides mentioned on in the film The Boondock Saints after the chief characters commit a mass slaying of foremans followed by a violent gag on a friend who is in the Mafia. # 183 ; Euphemisms mentioning to profanity itself In the Spanish linguistic communication, words that mean swear word are used as exclaimings in stead of an existent swear word. The Spanish word maldici # 243 ; Ns, literally intending expletive or bad word , is on occasion used as an ejaculation of plaint or choler, to replace any of several Spanish profanities that would otherwise be used in that same context. The same is true in Italian with the word maledizione. In Greek, the word # 954 ; # 945 ; # 964 ; # 940 ; # 961 ; # 945 ; expletive is found, although # 946 ; # 961 ; # 953 ; # 963 ; # 953 ; # 940 ; , from # 973 ; # 946 ; # 961 ; # 953 ; # 962 ; ( hubris ) is more normally used, and in English ( particularly British use ) , an exclaiming that is used in a similar manner is curse s. The stereotypic Hazards of Pauline silent movie might hold the scoundrel binding his victim to a railway path. When the hero rescues the heroine, the card might state, Curses! Foiled once more! in topographic point of whatever cussing the character presumptively uttered. # 183 ; Euphemisms for decease and slaying The English linguistic communication contains legion euphemisms related to deceasing, decease, entombment, and the people and topographic points which deal with decease. The pattern of utilizing euphemisms for decease is likely to hold originated with the charming belief that to talk the word decease was to ask for decease ; where to pull Death s attending is the ultimate bad luck # 8212 ; a common theory holds that decease is a tabu topic in most English-speaking civilizations for exactly this ground. It may be said that one is non dying, but melting rapidly because the terminal is close. Peoples who have died are referred to as holding passed off or passed or departed. Kick the pail seems innocuous plenty until one considers that such might be fatal if such removes a platitude base that prevents a self-destructive hanging. Deceased is a euphemism for dead , and sometimes the asleep is said to hold gone to a better topographic point, but this is used chiefly among the spiritu al with a construct of Heaven. Was taken to Jesus implies salvation specifically for Christians, but met his shaper may connote some judgement, content implied or unknown, by God. Some Christians frequently use phrases such as gone to be with the Lord or called to higher service ( this latter look being peculiarly prevalent in the Salvation Army ) or graduated to show their belief that physical decease is non the terminal, but the beginning of the Fuller realisation of salvation. Orthodox Christians frequently use the euphemism fallen asleep or fallen asleep in the Lord, which reflects Orthodox beliefs refering decease and Resurrection. The dead organic structure entices many euphemisms, some polite and some profane, every bit good as dysphemisms such as worm nutrient, or dead meat. Modern riming slang contains the look brown staff of life. The cadaver was one time referred to as the shroud ( or house or tenement ) of clay, and modern funerary workers use footings such as the loved one ( rubric of a novel about Hollywood morticians by Evelyn Waugh ) or the beloved departed. ( They themselves have given up the euphemism funeral manager for grief healer, and keep agreement conferences with relations. ) Among themselves, mortuary technicians frequently refer to the cadaver as the client. A late dead individual may be referred to as the late John Doe . The term graveyard for cemetery is a adoption from Greek, where it was a euphemism, literally intending sleeping topographic point . The term project for burial is so well-established that most people do non even acknowledge it as a euphemism. In fact, project has taken on a negative intension, as morticians have a oblique repute. Contemporary euphemisms and dysphemisms for decease tend to be rather colourful, and person who has died is said to hold passed off, passed on, checked out, seize with teeth the large one, kicked the pail, seize with teeth the dust, popped their getas, pegged it, carked it, turned their toes up, bought the farm, cashed in their french friess, fallen off their perch, croaked, given up the shade ( originally a more respectful term, californium. the decease of Jesus as translated in the King James Version of the Bible Mark 15:37 ) , gone south, gone west, gone to California, shuffled off this mortal spiral ( from William Shakespeare s Hamlet ) , Run down the drape and joined the Choir Invisible, or assumed room temperature ( really a dysphemism in usage among mortuary technicians ) . When buried, they may be said to be forcing up daisies, kiping the large slumber, taking a soil sleep, look intoing out the grass from underneath or six pess under. There are 100s of such looks in usage. ( Old Burma-Shave jangle: If daisies are your favourite flower, maintain pushin # 8217 ; up those stat mis per hr! ) In Edwin Muir s The Horses a euphemism is used to demo the riddance of the human race The seven yearss war that put the universe to kip. Euthanasia besides attracts euphemisms. One may set one out of one s wretchedness, put one to kip, or have one put down, the latter two phrases being used chiefly with Canis familiariss, cats, and Equus caballuss who are being or have been euthanized by a veterinarian. ( These footings are non normally applied to worlds, because both medical moralss and jurisprudence deprecate mercy killing. ) In fact, Dr. Bernard Nathanson has pointed out that the word mercy killing itself is a euphemism, being Grecian for good decease . Some euphemisms for killing are neither respectful nor playful, but alternatively clinical and degage, including terminate, wet work, to take attention of one, to make them in, to off, or to take them out. To cut loose or open up on person or something means to hit at with every available arm . Gangland euphemisms for slaying include whack, rub out, hit, take him for a drive, or put him in cement boots or put him in a concrete greatcoat , the latter two connoting disposal in deep H2O, if so alive by submerging ; the agreement for a violent death may be a simple contract , which suggests a normal dealing of concern. One of the most ill-famed euphemisms in history was the German term Endl # 246 ; Sung, often translated in English as Concluding Solution as if it were the effect of a bureaucratic determination or even an academic exercising alternatively of a systematic program for race murder. Some dysphemisms, particularly for decease are euphemisms or dysphemisms for other unpleasant events and therefore are unpleasant in their actual significance, used to generalise a bad event. Having your buttocks handed to you , left for the rats , toasted , roasted , burned , pounded , set over the barrel , screwed over or other footings normally describe decease or the province of at hand decease, but besides are common in depicting licking of any sort such as a demeaning loss in a athletics or picture game, being below the belt treated or cast aside in concern personal businesss, being severely beaten in a battle, and similar. Such an executing device as the electric chair has been known as Old Sparky or Yellow Mama , and the device that delivers deadly chemicals to the condemned in a deadly injection is reduced to the acerate leaf . To end with bias by and large means to stop one s employment without possibility of rehire ( as opposed to put off, where the individual can anticipate rehire if concern picks up ) , but the related term to end with utmost bias now normally means to kill. The adjectival extreme may on occasion be omitted. In a celebrated line from the film Apocalypse Now, Captain Willard is told to end Colonel Kurtz s committee with utmost bias . An acronym, TWEP has been coined from this phrase, which can be used as a verb: He was TWEPed/TWEPped. The Dead Parrot Sketch from Monty Python s Flying Circus contains an extended list of euphemisms for decease, mentioning to the deceased parrot that the character played by John Cleese had purchased. The popularity of the study has itself increased the popularity of some of these euphemisms # 8212 ; so, it has introduced another euphemism for decease, pining for the fiords # 8212 ; although in the study that phrase was used by the store proprietor to asseverate that the parrot was non dead, but was simply quiet and brooding. A similar transition occurs near the beginning of The Twelve Chairs, where Bezenchuk, the mortician, astonishes Vorobyaninov with his categorization of people by the euphemisms used to talk of their deceases. The game Dungeon Siege contains many euphemisms for decease every bit good. Likewise the videogame Secret of Mana uses the phrase sees the harvester to intend decease. Besides, a scene in the movie Patch Adams features Patch ( Robin Williams ) dressed in an angel costume, reading out assorted equivalent word and euphemisms for the phrase to decease to a adult male death of malignant neoplastic disease. This evolves into a competition between the two work forces to see who can come up with more, and better, euphemisms, stoping when Spot comes up with and if we bury you ass up, we ll hold a topographic point to park my motorcycle. The name of the small town of Ban Grong Greng in Thailand is a euphemism for Death Village. It literally means the Village of the Dreaded Gong. It is so named because it is the place to Wat Grong Greng ( temple of the awful tam-tam ) at which the combustion of organic structures at funerals is preceded by the whipping of a tam-tam. 3.2 Euphemisms in occupation rubrics Euphemisms are common in occupation rubrics ; some occupations have complicated rubrics that make them sound more impressive than the common names would connote, such as CPA in topographic point of auto parking attender. Many of these euphemisms may include words such as applied scientist, though in fact the people who do the occupation are non accredited in technology. Extreme instances, such as sanitation applied scientist for janitor, or transparent-wall care officer for window cleansing agent, are cited humorously more frequently than they are used earnestly. Another illustration is Henny Youngman s gag that his brother-in-law claimed to be a diamond cutter # 8212 ; his occupation was to cut down the lawn at Yankee Stadium. Less utmost instances, such as keeper for janitor or administrative helper for secretary, are considered more footings of regard than euphemisms. Where the work itself is seen as unsavory, a euphemism may be used, for illustration rodent officer for a di sinfestation officer, or cemetery secret agent for a gravedigger. In the British comedy series Yes, Minister episode The Skeleton in the Cupboard, the civil service in general and Bernard in peculiar refers to civil service disinfestation officers as environmental wellness officers 3.3 Common illustrations Other common euphemisms include: # 183 ; acquiring smashed or hammered alternatively of drinking or being rummy # 183 ; large, downy, full-figured or heavy-set alternatively of fat # 183 ; lost their lives for were killed # 183 ; health for benefits and interventions that tend to merely be used in times of illness # 183 ; public toilet for lavatory room in American English ( the word lavatory was itself originally a euphemism ) # 183 ; a love of musical theater, visible radiation in the idlers, good manner sense or confirmed unmarried man for male homosexualism # 183 ; adult female in reasonable places for sapphic # 183 ; moving like coneies, doing love to, acquiring it on, brash clip, making it, doing the animal with two dorsums, or kiping with for holding sex with # 183 ; healthful landfill for refuse shit ( and a impermanent refuse shit is a transportation station ) , besides frequently called a Civic Amenity in the UK # 183 ; unadvised for really hapless or bad # 183 ; an enteric release of force per unit area for flatus # 183 ; pre-owned vehicles or even pre-loved for used autos # 183 ; motive for payoff # 183 ; a pupil being held back a class degree for holding failed or flunked the class degree # 183 ; correctional installation for prison # 183 ; equal prep aid or comparing replies for rip offing # 183 ; the North of Ireland for Northern Ireland, which is seen by many Irish people as a term imposed by the British and hence a profanity ; nevertheless, stating the North of Ireland may be chiefly a manner of placing oneself with the Irish Nationalist cause, instead than a euphemism # 183 ; the large C for malignant neoplastic disease ( in add-on, some people whisper the word when they say it in public, and physicians euphemistically use proficient nomenclature when discoursing malignant neoplastic disease in forepart of patients, e.g. , c.a. or neoplasia / neoplastic procedure , carcinoma for tumour ) ; euphemisms for malignant neoplastic disease are used even more so in the Netherlands, because the Dutch word for malignant neoplastic disease can be used as a expletive word # 183 ; bathroom tissue, t.p. , or bath tissue for lavatory paper ( normally used by toilet paper makers ) # 183 ; custodian or caretaker for janitor ( Besides originally a euphemism # 8212 ; in Latin, it means doorman. In the British Secret Service, it may still transport the ancient significance. It does in the novels of John le Carr # 233 ; . ) # 183 ; sanitation worker ( or, sardonically, sanitation officer or sanitation applied scientist ) , or garbologist, for bin adult male or garbage adult male # 183 ; economically depressed vicinity or culturally-deprived environment for ghetto or slum # 183 ; force, police action, peace procedure or struggle for war # 183 ; alcohol-related, single-car clang for rummy driver # 183 ; mature or been around the block for old or aged # 183 ; heme or haem ( Americanism ) for blood, frequently used in medical scenes ( terrible haem loss ) . # 183 ; enhanced question technique for anguish # 183 ; persuasion for anguish # 183 ; take legal action for Sue # 183 ; fee for mulct # 183 ; bet oning for chancing # 183 ; specific about what one chow for being a finical feeder # 183 ; intellectually challenged for being mentally retarded # 183 ; Before that, mentally retarded for lame minded # 183 ; Before that, lame minded for halfwit # 183 ; grownup amusement, grownup stuff, or pornography for erotica # 183 ; to hold been paid for being fired from or by one s employer # 183 ; to cut surpluss ( in a budget ) for to fire employees # 183 ; legal capital for stated capital # 183 ; gravitationally challenged for clumsy # 183 ; gender reassignment for sex alteration # 183 ; otherwise abled for handicapped # 183 ; chemical dependence for drug dependence # 183 ; dual-diagnosed for holding both mental unwellness and drug jobs # 183 ; co-morbidity for coincident being of related mental and physical wellness issues ( a dysphemism, possibly ) # 183 ; gentlemen s nine for go-go saloon or strip nine # 183 ; birthrate centre for sterility centre # 183 ; mental wellness centre for mental unwellness centre # 183 ; it s snowin down south for your faux pas is demoing # 183 ; vertically-challenged for short # 183 ; experiencing no hurting ( and tonss of others ) for rummy # 183 ; your fly is undone for your nothing is down These lists might propose that most euphemisms are well-known looks. Often euphemisms can be slightly situational ; what might be used as a euphemism in a conversation between two friends might do no sense to a 3rd individual. In this instance, the euphemism is being used as a type of insinuation. At other times, the euphemism is common in some circles ( such as the medical field ) but non others, going a type of slang or, in underworld state of affairss particularly, argot. One such illustration is the line put him in bed with the captain s girl from the popular sea hovel Drunken Sailor. Although this line may sound more like a wages for acquiring rummy to non-seamen, the phrase captain s girl was really a euphemism used among crewmans for the cat O nine dress suits ( itself a euphemism for a sort of whip ) . Magyar Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcs # 225 ; New York, in his controversial address that triggered the 2006 anti-government protests, used a figure of vulgar phrases that were translated euphemistically by the media as screwed up and did non trouble oneself . Euphemisms can besides be used by authoritiess to rename legislative acts to utilize a less violative look. For illustration, in Ontario, Canada, the Disabled Person Parking Permit was renamed to the Accessible Parking License in 2007. [ 11 ] The word euphemism itself can be used as a euphemism. In the alive short It s Grinch Night ( See Dr. Seuss ) , a kid asks to travel to the euphemism, where euphemism is being used as a euphemism for privy. This inoffensive usage of euphemism besides occurred in the drama Who s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? where a character petitions, Martha, will you demo her where we maintain the, uh, euphemism? It is correspondent to the 19th-century usage of undergarments for underpants. Besides, tonss of euphemisms are used in the jury-rigged telecasting show, Whose Line Is It Anyway? . They are used frequently in the game If You Know What I Mean , where participants are given a scene and have to utilize as many obscure clich # 233 ; s and euphemisms as possible. Decision The word euphemism itself can be used as a euphemism. In the alive short It # 8217 ; s Grinch Night ( See Dr. Seuss ) , a kid asks to travel to the euphemism, where euphemism is being used as a euphemism for privy. This inoffensive usage of # 8220 ; euphemism # 8221 ; besides occurred in the drama Who # 8217 ; s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Where a character petitions, # 8220 ; Martha, will you demo her where we maintain the, uh, euphemism? It is correspondent to the 19thcentury usage of undergarments for underpants. Euphemisms are replacements for their equivalent word. Their usage and really being are caused either by societal conventions or by certain psychological factors. Most of them have stylistic intensions in their semantic constructions. One can besides presume that there is a particular inoffensive intension that can be singled out in the semantic construction of each such word. Let me indicate out, excessively, that inoffensive intensions in formal euphemisms are different in # 8220 ; flavour # 8221 ; from those in slang inoffensive replacements. In the first instance they are grave and finely evasive, and in the 2nd rough and slightly misanthropic, reflecting an effort to express joy off an unpleasant fact. Euphemisms ever tend to be a beginning of new formations because after a short period of usage the new term becomes so closely connected with the impression that it turns a word every bit objectionable as earlier equivalent word. And as lingual phenomenon euphemism is needed to be investigated in many facets: in comparing with other linguistic communications, definition of the clip and ground of their visual aspect, finding of use in literary and scientific books. It helps us to acquire information of the universe people. There are stable euphemisms, and are depending on state of affairss. If changeless is a changeless equivalent word of the certain concept situational depends on the contents which at it is put or a context in which it is used. It is possible to apportion besides types euphemism behind characteristics of building. Is one-worded # 8211 ; synonyms # 8211 ; # 171 ; characteristics # 8211 ; crafty # 187 ; , is two-worded and an adjectival # 8211 ; # 171 ; evil spirit # 187 ; . As a consequence of distribution and influences of mass media and different psychological levers on linguistic communication soon building type euphemism will intensively perforate into all domains conversational and a literary linguistic communication. Were particularly strongly distributed inclinations in the English linguistic communication in the USA where advertisement and concern truly without any limitation # 171 ; interruption # 187 ; linguistic communication on the order. Not surprisingly because some American linguists even suggest to separate two linguistic communications: # 171 ; linguistic communication of the facts # 187 ; ( fact linguistic communication ) and # 171 ; linguistic communication of thoughts # 187 ; ( # 1110 ; dea linguistic communication ) . For the transcriber it is really of import to cognize about characteristics of the usage euphemism in linguistic communication right to gauge a function of implied sense, it is exceptional while interpreting publicist stuffs or fiction. List OF LITERATURE 1. Benveniste, # 201 ; stat mi, # 8220 ; Euph # 233 ; mismes ancient and moderns # 8221 ; , in Probl # 232 ; Maines de linguistique g # 233 ; n # 233 ; rattle, vol. 1, pp. 308-314. [ originally published in: Die Sprache, I ( 1949 ) , pp. 116-122 ] 2. Rawson, Hugh, A Dictionary of Euphemism A ; Other Doublespeak, 2nd edition, 1995. 3. R.W. Holder: How Not to State What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemism, Oxford University Press, 504 pages, 2003. 4. Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression ( ISSN US ) 5. MsGlone, M.S. , Beck, G. , A ; Pfiester, R.A. ( 2006 ) . Contamination and disguise in euphemisms. Communication Monographs, 73. 6. Smyth, Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Grecian Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 678 P. 7. # 1052 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1057 ; . Euphemisms as Linguistic Phenomena in the Sphere of Alcohol, # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1053 ; # 1059 ; , # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; , # 8470 ; 6 ( 105 ) , 2007, c. 169-171. 8. # 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1043 ; . # 1041 ; . , English Lexicology, 7th edition, 1999, 287 P. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipendia.org/wiki/ Euphemism Mentions 1. ^ Euphemism Webster s Online Dictionary. 2. ^ Cultural Protocol # 8212 ; Death in a community Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3. ^ Dyen, Isidore, A. T. James A ; J. W. L. Cole. 1967. Language divergency and estimated word keeping rate. Language 43/1: 150-171. 4. ^ Gould, S.J. , The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton A ; Co, New York, 1996, pp. 188-189. 5. ^ American Heritage Dictionary definition of retarded via answers.com. 6. ^ George Carlin, They re Merely Words, Track 14 on Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics, Atlantic/Wea audio Cadmium, 1990. 7. ^ Random House.com. 8. ^ The Age.com. 9. ^McCool, W.C. ( 1957-02-06 ) , Return of Rongelapese to their Home Island # 8212 ; Note by the Secretary, United States Atomic Energy Commission, hypertext transfer protocol: //worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF, retrieved 2007-11-07. 10. ^ Snopes.com, Buy the Farm . 11. ^ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicle/app.shtml SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL OTHER EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH EUPHEMISMS OTHER WORDS FOR OTHER PLACES There are plentifulness of words for topographic points we need but would wish to avoid in polite conversation: Whorehouse: common bawdry house, house of amusement, house of ill-repute, massage parlour, red-light constitution, ( where littering and loitering are purely prohibited ) . Garbage Shit: Sanitary landfill, municipal garbage pace Jail: hoosgow, keeping unit, secure installation One Room Populating Unit of measurement: alternate lifestyle pick, smart-growth pick, studio suite, efficiency unit, granny suite, transit-oriented immature life style pick Bathroom: ablution hut, boghouse comfort station, garderobe, gentleman s quarters, his and hers , House of Honor, ladies room, toilet, work forces s room, necessarium, topographic point of convenience, topographic point of easiness, porcelain castle, public washroom, pulverization room, toilet, room 100, the toilet, the outhouses, the redorter, throne room, washroom, H2O cupboard, W.C. Aged Adjustment: senior-oriented abode, continum of attention lifestyle community, across-the-board retirement life community, full-service lifestyle abode, assisted-living installation, independent-living installation, health and verve abode RESPONDING TO THE CALL OF NATURE: To pulverize one s nose, to see a adult male about a Canis familiaris, to ice a stone PRETTY NAMES FOR UNPLEASANT REALITIES OF LIFE Neil Postman in his book, Crazy Talk Stupid Talk ( New York, Delacorte Press, 1976 ) , suggests that a euphemism is an elevated term used in topographic point of a earthy term, or an effort to give prettier term to an ugly world. And, speech production of decease and revenue enhancements , American spin physicians have come up with a new term to depict the depredations of war and advanced ways to utilize tax-payers money to reconstruct sandcastles in Iraq as post-kinetic development . So, taking our cue from this learned writer, there are tonss of pretty names one can utilize to depict unpleasant worlds of life such as decease and revenue enhancements . It seems that revenue enhancements are acquiring such a bad blame these yearss that spin-doctors have been working overtime to come up with new fluctuations on one really unpleasant civic responsibility, to subject to taxation otherwise known as the procedure of tweaking the most sum of plumes from a goose with the least sum of hushing. Whoa, allow s observe Tax Free Day ! It is hence non surprising that we have an amusive array of footings for revenue enhancement: entree fees/charges , C footmark parts , civic appraisal fees , direct universal service support , economic inducements , economic stimulation bundles , environmental outwardness factors , impact fees , income shifting options , advanced beginnings of funding , late fees , redistribution of wealth options , redisposition of gross , restructuring of budgets , gross sweetenings , service charges , socially-responsible public investings , societal support subsidies , transportation payments , cosmopolitan service charges , value-added gross chances , and user-fees . As some have suggested, revenue enhancement ( is a legal and compulsory system of professional if non progressive pick-pocketing ) , better known as a fantastic method of robbing Peter to pay Paul . And, when one is kicking about why one s billfold is merely a tad lighter these yearss, merely retrieve what Mark Twain had to state on this affair: The lone difference between a revenue enhancement adult male and a animal stuffer is that the animal stuffer leaves the tegument. A Time-honored TABOO TOPIC Make you fear utilizing the vitamin D word? The topic of unpleasant worlds of life would non be complete without a glance at the time-honoured tabu subject of decease . And, if one wishes to avoid utilizing this five-letter word, there are a myriad of other quaint if non far-out looks from which to take: A arbitrary want of life, ashes to ashes and dust to dust, asleep, assumed room temperature, ate his last supper Bacillus basting the methanal Meleagris gallopavo, be taken, bereft of life, seize with teeth the biscuit, bite the large one, bite the dust, bought the farm, bump [ ed ] off, buried, purchase a pine condo, purchase it C bony, called to a higher topographic point, carked it, cashed in their french friess, cashed out, ceased to be, look into out, look intoing out the grass from underneath, cold, conk, croak, crossed over, crossed the saloon, crossed the River Styx, cut-down, cut-off Calciferol danced the last dance, deceased, dead, dead as a doornail, dead meat, defunct, death, departed, destroyed, diagnostic mishap of high magnitude, soil, soil sleep, disappeared without warning, disincentivized, donated the liver pate, done for Tocopherol eat it, enjoy his/her last dance, enter the sleep room, erased, executed, expended, expired, executive actioned, extinction of the individual F bleached rapidly, failed to carry through his/her health potency, failed to boom, fatally wounded, concluding solution, finished, fragged, fried Gram gathered to his people, acquire your wings, give up the shade, traveling into the fertiliser concern, traveling to the large topographic point in the sky, gone, gone belly-up, gone into the West, gone to a better topographic point, gone to run into their Maker, gone to be with the Lord, gone to kip, got a one-way ticket Hydrogen heaven-bound I in a better topographic point, in Heaven/Hell, in a kinder gentler topographic point, in rest, in his/her box, in the coffin, in the trefoil, in the infinity box, in the grave, in the land, in the morgue, interred Joule joined the choir unseeable, joined the White Buffalo in the sky K kicked the pail, kicked off, killed Liter tardily, left us, lie down with one s male parents, lifeless, liquidated, living-impaired, lost Meter member of the Boot Hill brigade, metabolic procedures are now history, mortified Nitrogen negative patient attention result, neutralized, no longer a factor, no longer with us, no more, inanimate, nonviable Oxygen offed, off the branchlet Phosphorus paid Charon s menu, passed away/on/over, pegged it, perished, for good indisposed, for good out of print, aching for the fiords, popped his/her getas, popped off, promoted to Sub-Terranean Truffle Inspector, forcing up the daisies, put down Roentgen remains, remainder in peace ( R.I.P. ) , returned to the land, sit off into the sundown, rubbed out, run down the drape Second sell the farm, shuffled off the mortal spiral, six-feet under, kiping with the fishes, snuffed, snuff it, snuffed out, sprouted wings, stiff, stone-dead, succombed, suffered an unfortunate bend of events, sustained a curative mishap Thymine taking a soil sleep, taken from us, terminal episode, terminally-inconvenienced, terminated, terminated with utmost bias, that good dark, took his/her last breath, T.U. Toes Up, turn their toes up, turn into a shade Volt VSA Critical Signs Absent Tungsten rolling the Elysian Fieldss, went to the large blue baseball field/shopping promenade in the sky, whacked, with the ascendants, and last but non least, worm nutrient. GENTLE WORDS FOR GENT

Miranda v. Arizona (Self

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 The Homestead Strike, a work stoppage  at Carnegie Steels plant at Homestead, Pennsylvania, turned into one of the most violent episodes in the American labor struggles of the late 1800s. A planned occupation of the plant turned into a bloody battle when hundreds of men from the Pinkerton Detective Agency exchanged gunfire with workers and townspeople along the banks of the Monongahela River. In a surprising twist, strikers captured a number of Pinkertons when the strikebreakers were forced to surrender. The battle on July 6, 1892 ended with a truce, and the release of prisoners. But the state militia arrived a week later to settle things in favor of the company. And two weeks later an anarchist outraged by the behavior of Henry Clay Frick, the vehemently anti-labor manager of Carnegie Steel, tried to assassinate Frick in his office. Though shot twice, Frick survived. Other labor organizations had rallied to the defense of the union at Homestead, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. And for a time public opinion seemed to side with the workers. But the attempted assassination of Frick, and the involvement of a known anarchist, was used to discredit the labor movement. In the end, the management of Carnegie Steel won. Background of the Homestead Plant Labor Problems In 1883 Andrew Carnegie  bought the Homestead Works, a steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, east of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela River. The plant, which had been focused on producing steel rails for railroads, was changed and modernized under Carnegies ownership to produce steel plate, which could be used for production of armored ships. Carnegie,  known for uncanny business foresight, had become one of the richest men in America, surpassing the wealth of earlier millionaires such as John Jacob Astor and Cornelius Vanderbilt. Under Carnegies direction, the Homestead plant kept expanding, and the town of Homestead, which had about 2,000 residents in 1880, when the plant first opened, grew to a population of about 12,000 in 1892. About 4,000 workers were employed at the steel plant. The union representing workers at the Homestead plant, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, had signed a contract with Carnegies company in 1889. The contract was set to expire on July 1, 1892. Carnegie, and especially his business partner Henry Clay Frick, wanted to break the union. There has always been considerable  dispute about how much Carnegie knew of the ruthless tactics Frick planned to employ. At the time of the 1892 strike, Carnegie was at a luxurious estate he owned in Scotland. But it seems, based on letters the men exchanged, that Carnegie was fully aware of Fricks tactics. The Beginning of the Homestead Strike In 1891 Carnegie began to think about reducing wages at the Homestead plant, and when his company held meetings with the Amalgamated union in the spring of 1892 the company informed the union that it would be cutting wages at the plant. Carnegie also wrote a letter, before he left for Scotland in April 1892, which indicated that he intended to make Homestead a non-union plant. In late May, Henry Clay Frick instructed the company negotiators to inform the union that wages were being reduced. The union would not accept the proposal, which the company said was non-negotiable. In late June 1892, Frick had public notices posted in  the town of Homestead informing union members that since the union had rejected the companys offer, the company would have nothing to do with the union. And to further provoke the union, Frick began construction of what was being called Fort Frick. Tall fences were constructed around the plant, topped with barbed wire. The intent of the barricades and barbed wire was obvious: Frick intended to lock out the union and bring in scabs, non-union workers. The Pinkertons Attempted to Invade Homestead On the night of July 5, 1892, approximately 300 Pinkerton agents arrived in western Pennsylvania by train and boarded two barges which had been stocked with hundreds of pistols and rifles as well as uniforms. The barges were towed on  the Monongahela River to Homestead, where Frick assumed the Pinkertons  could land undetected in the middle of the night. Lookouts saw the barges coming and alerted the workers in Homestead, who raced to the riverbank. When the Pinkertons tried to land at dawn, hundreds of townspeople, some of them armed with weapons dating back to the Civil War, were waiting. It was never determined who fired the first shot, but a gun battle broke out. Men were killed and wounded on both sides, and the Pinkertons were pinned down on the barges, with no escape possible. Throughout the day of July 6, 1892, townspeople of Homestead tried to attack the barges, even pumping oil into the river in an attempt to set fires atop the water. Finally, late in the afternoon, some of the union leaders convinced the townspeople to let the Pinkertons surrender. As the Pinkertons left the barges to walk to a local opera house, where they would be held until the local sheriff could come and arrest them, townspeople threw bricks at them. Some Pinkertons were beaten. The sheriff arrived that night and removed the Pinkertons, though none of them were arrested or indicted for murder, as the townspeople had demanded. Newspapers had been covering the crisis for weeks, but the news of the violence created a sensation when it moved quickly across the telegraph wires. Newspaper editions were rushed out with startling accounts of the confrontation. The New York Evening World published a special extra edition with the headline: AT WAR: Pinkertons and Workers Fight at Homestead. Six steelworkers had been killed in the fighting, and would be buried in the following days. As the people in Homestead held funerals, Henry Clay Frick, in a newspaper interview, announced that he would have no dealings with the union. Henry Clay Frick Was Shot A month later, Henry Clay Frick was in his office in Pittsburgh and a young man came to see him, claiming to represent an agency that could supply replacement workers. The visitor to Frick was actually a Russian anarchist, Alexander Berkman, who had been living in New York City and who had no connection to the union. Berkman forced his way into Fricks office and shot him twice, nearly killing him. Frick survived the assassination attempt, but the incident was used to discredit the union and the American labor movement in general. The incident became a milestone in U.S. labor history, along with the Haymarket Riot and the 1894 Pullman Strike. Carnegie Succeeded in Keeping the Union Out of His Plants The Pennsylvania militia (similar to todays National Guard) took over the Homestead Plant and non-union strikebreakers were brought in to work. Eventually, with the union broken, many of the original workers returned to the plant. Leaders of the union were prosecuted, but juries in western Pennsylvania failed to convict them. While the violence had been happening in western Pennsylvania, Andrew Carnegie had been off in Scotland, avoiding the press at his estate. Carnegie would later claim that he had little to do with the violence at Homestead, but his claims were met with skepticism, and his reputation as a fair employer and philanthropist was greatly tarnished. And Carnegie did succeed in keeping unions out of his plants.

Case H Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

H - Case Study Example Before the venture the salaries of the partners were between $55,000 and $90,000. This means that everyone on the team was going to be receiving a raise. There was no reason to fight over which person deserved more money among the partners since everyone was going to be richer in terms of salary. The decision to spit the equity equally was also the simplest way to arrange the partnership. My opinion is that the founding partners of NanoGene Technologies created a division of wealth fairly. On many instances when people are starting a business they fight too much over who deserves what even before the business venture starts to make money. The founding partners of NanoGene Technologies are all very satisfied with the arrangement. All partners where able to increase their total compensation in terms of salary and ownership in comparison with their prior jobs. The new venture will improve their quality of life because of the higher compensation and the control and self satisfaction of w orking in a company that you founded. B. Some people might perceived that NanoGene Technologies created a company introducing too many founding partners due to the fact the maximum amount of founding partners is typically three. This assumption is incorrect because if a larger group is satisfied splitting the money among more people it does not matter if there are more than three founding partners. The founding fathers of NanoGene Technologies are: Tompkins, Mark Masterson, Ravi Rhoota, and Gary Garfield. The founding team is composed of four scientists. This was a noble idea, but it would have been much better to have a more diversified group of professionals in the founding team. The current dilemma associated with the hiring of Paige Miller would not exist if one of the members of the founding team had an MBA. There is a huge difference between the founding members of a company and the early employees. The founding members of a company are the pioneers that had an idea which they develop into a product or service. The founders are the persons that made the original investment to start the business. Founders are also the ones that put in the original R&D time to develop a product. On many occasions the founding teams invest hundreds or even thousands of hours without receiving a penny of compensation prior to starting the business. The early employees are the people that are hired to work for a company once the operation starts. In the NanoGene case study Paige Miller if hired would be one of the early employees. Other needs such as engineers or accountants could have been met by having a more diversified group of founding partners. C. Paige Miller is an experienced professional with an expertise in the biotech industry. She is a proven winner and a person that can lead a business towards the path of success. She would be serving the role of VP of operations. Her salary demands are $175,000 and 3% of the equity. The first issue with her salary demands is tha t she would be making more money that the four founders of the company. Her salary would be superior to the salary of the CEO. Also her equity demands would equal the equity currently held by the founding fathers. Despite the high salary demands that Paige is asking the reality of the marketplace is that VP of operations are making upwards of $175,000 a year. Mrs. Miller is an excellent candidate and a good fit for the company. Due to the

Absolutism and Limited Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Absolutism and Limited Monarchy - Essay Example riod in England where parliament of England was known to have strong political interests in the country and this threatened the monarch (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006). France and central Europe had strong Catholic roots and hence the Protestants who were known to interfere with monarchy system had no voice. These countries also had strong traditional sources of revenue that they used to run their monarch and this made even the nobility and other political interests in their countries to be at their mercy. This too place in around 1850s and it tossed aside the option of having a limited monarch (Perry, Chase, Jacob, Jacob and Von Laue, 2008). Compare the classical absolutism of Louis XIV in France with one other ruler, Kangxi of China who ruled from 1661 to 1722, Peter the Great of Russia who ruled from 1689 - 1725, or Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor who ruled India from 1658-1707. Both Louis XIV of France and Kangxi of China ruled using â€Å"iron hands.† They were the two longest serving absolutist rulers in their respective countries and this way possible due to their ruling style and dictatorship manner. They both had wealth from the revenues they collected from their countries and from the countries they went to war with and they both had their religious issues and even political issues in check and hence avoiding any disruption of their ruling (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2010). All absolutist leaders including Louis XIV had monetary stability to rule. The funds enabled them command even the military to fight enemies, conquer areas and put wealthy people at their service. They also had almost similar goals and tough rules that made them strong and relentless in their ruling. The difference however came in their personal life and how they had been raised up. Some had tough childhoods like Kangxi but others like Louis XIV and XV had it smooth and hence this affected how they imposed their ruling (McNeese,

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS - Essay Example It made more than 60 acquisitions to become the second biggest long distance company in the U.S. LDDS later became a public company in 1989 after its purchase of advantage companies. WorldCom’s plan was to bring in economies of scale that were desperately needed to become successful in the flourishing telecom market at the time (Monks and Nell 577) (Fernando 218). LDDS then changed its name in May 1995, to WorldCom Inc. Nearly every one of WorldCom’s possessions were paid for by its stock. At first WorldCom was in the voice telephony business, however, novel technology as well as growing competition decreased revenues in addition to profits of the business. WorldCom consequently sought to broaden its horizons in mid-1990 by buying companies that facilitated it venture into data, satellite communications as well as webhosting market among others. Nevertheless, these businesses experienced their own slow down then making it difficult for WorldCom to meet its earnings fore cast as well as its own revenue (Monks and Nell 577) (Fernando 218). Besides being seventy percent better than Enron in terms of assets, WorldCom Inc. was also the second biggest telecommunications company in the United States. ... In June 25, 2002; WorldCom announced that it had deliberately furthermore inappropriately inflated its cash flow by $ 3.8 billion (Brooks and Paul 122) (Fernando 218). The declaration followed the resignation of WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers in the midst of questions of his personal loans from WorldCom as we as the launch of SEC’s investigations into WorldCom’s accounting. WorldCom later filed for liquidation protection in July, 2002. A year after rising from bankruptcy protection WorldCom amended its name from MCI to Verizon (Monks and Nell 576). The major personalities embroiled in accounting manipulations at WorldCom include: Bernard J. Ebbers (CEO), Scott D. Sullivan (CFO), Burford Yates (Director general accounting), David F. Myers (Controller), Betty, L. Vinson (Director of management reporting) and Troy M. Normand (Director of legal entity accounting) (Brooks and Paul 122). WorldCom’s financial meltdown took place at the center of the uproar emanating from e vents at the time that can be enumerated as follows: (a) the looming depression of stock markets at the time. (b) Enron’s liquidation in December 2, 2001 as well as the linked senate and congress hearings; plus the fifth amendment by Enron executives. (c) Petitions by president Bush as well as business leaders for reinstatement of trust in addition to reliability to financial markets, reporting as well as corporate governance. (d) Receptive introduction of governance guide lines by Stock and Exchange Commission (SEC). (e) Deliberations by U.S senate as well as congress of separate bills to enhance accountability in corporate governance. (f) Condemnation of Arthur Andersen, auditor of both

Transformational Leadership: The Best Leadership for Healthcare

Transformational Leadership: The Best Leadership for Healthcare This paper is an examination of the methods and practices of transformational leadership. The theory behind transformational leadership is discussed. An explanation of how transformational leadership is practiced is also included. Finally, a discussion of the current state of the health care industry is initiated, with a look at how transformational leadership is the best leadership style to transform this industry for the better. This persuasive paper focuses on change leadership in the healthcare industry. The purpose of this paper is to persuade the reader that transformational leadership is the best type of change leadership for the healthcare industry. Transformational Leadership: The Best Leadership for the Healthcare Industry Change leadership is just what its name implies-a type of leadership that is devoted to guiding an organization through positive changes, and it dynamic in making those changes happen. This is a popular leadership style nowadays. Moving into the 21st century has forced many businesses and organizations to realize that they must change to keep up with the times, that technology and new ways of relating to others and doing business mean that business as usual in no longer acceptable. In order to be competitive in this new century, businesses must change their practices to be cohesive with the new business environment. For a business to be successful in making this adjustment, a strong, specific style of leadership is required to guide the organization through the change (Change Leadership, 2003). This is the purpose of change leadership. Within the area of change leadership, there are several sub-areas of change leadership specialization. One of these sub-areas of change leadership is transformational change. Transformational change is defined as patterns of actions contained within an organizations culture (Transformational Leadership, 1998). These actions include such behaviors as clarifying goals, communicating, taking consistent action, caring, and creating opportunities for development (Transformational Leadership, 1998). By carefully cultivating transformational leadership in the chosen leaders of a company or organization, leaders will be produced who can adapt and deal with organizational members, define, prioritize, and communicate a strategic mission, coordinate and design work systems to promote cooperation, and utilize multiple supporting mechanisms (Transformational Leadership, 1998). In laymans terms, transformational leadership is the process of perceiving when change is needed and influencing the organization by such non-coercive means as persuasion and being an example to the organization in the efforts of goal-setting and goal-achievement (Wonacott, 2001). In transformational leadership theory, four factors motivate employees to perform beyond expectations. These factors are promoted and put into effect by transformational leaders who develop, intellectually inspire, and inspire them to work toward a collective purpose, vision, or mission (Wonacott, 2001). The first of these four factors is charismatic leaders who earn respect, trust, and confidence and who transmit a strong sense of vision and mission (Wonacott, 2001). The second factor is leaders who intellectually stimulate their employees and encourage them to question the status quo and to critically examine their own assumptions and beliefs and those of their leaders (Wonacott, 2001). The third factor i s leaders who show individual consideration in personalized attention to every employees needs so that each employee feels valued (Wonacott, 2001). The fourth factor is leaders who give inspirational motivation that communicates a vision as well as the confident, optimistic belief that the vision is obtainable (Wonacott, 2001). It can be seen then that the common factor in all four of the motivating factors of employees is their leader. Because of this, transformational leadership has the potential to be a dynamic force in an organization. Transformational leaders have the ability to change their employees from self-serving individuals in the organization, only looking out for their own good, into community-minded individuals who are working toward the common good of the whole organization. Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision and are able to communicate it effectively to all employees (What Is?, n.d.). They act as role models for employees, stimulate employees to be more innovative, and are not afraid to take risks or to use unconventional methods to attain their collective vision (What Is?, n.d.). In this way, transformational leaders leave room for their employees and the organization as a whole to breathe and grow (What Is?, n.d.). Transformational leadership is very different from the other main sub-area of change leadership. This other sub-area is known as transactional leadership. In this form of leadership, managers have a very hands off approach to employees (Full Range, 2000). They do not take stands on issues, do not emphasize results, do not take action when issues arise, and are generally unaware of employee performance (Full Range, 2001). These sorts of managers only take corrective actions. They set standards but wait until problems arise before doing anything about them, they stress only what people are doing wrong, and they make it a point to enforce rules, disliking any change in the status quo (Full Range, 2001). On the other hand, these types of managers do have a clear system for handing out rewards. In transactional leadership, there are often clearly stated expectations for employees, and clearly stated rewards for meeting these expectations. However, this is the only positive thing this type of leadership has going for it. In general, transactional leadership causes fear and mistrust of management among employees, and fosters a stressful us vs. them environment. This type of environment is not conducive to positive change. In contrast to transactional leadership, there are many positive elements that transformational leadership can bring to an organization. Numerous studies have shown that transformational leadership does such wonderful things as:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase organizational performance and customer satisfaction.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase employee commitment to the organization.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase employee trust in management.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enhance employee satisfaction with their jobs and their leader.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reduce employee stress and increase well-being. (What Is?, n.d.) Transformational leadership is of particular importance to the health care industry. In todays world of a health care industry with a reputation as being cold and uncaring toward patients, a new model of leadership is greatly needed. People today are not only frustrated with the impersonal and often harsh treatment they get from people in the health care industry; they feel like just a number to health care professionals rather than a person. This is not just problem in patient perception. A larger number of medical mistakes are being made today than ever before, and health care professionals are working longer hours and reporting more stress. These long hours and stressful working conditions are having an obvious effect on the quality of care patients receive, and patients are noticing it. A new model of leadership for the health care industry is required. Transformational leadership is just what the health care industry needs. In the health care industry, physicians are normally looked to as the leaders in any health care facility. Physicians are, after all, the ones with the most education and training in the industry, and the ones who make diagnoses and perform the most intricate work. Therefore, it falls to the physicians to take a look at their leadership styles and learn to make the necessary adjustments in order to improve the morale of their subordinates and thereby increase the quality of patient care. Since physicians are very busy people who dont have much time to study leadership styles, the health care industry has continued to be operated by an outmoded hierarchical system (Schwartz, 2002). This outmoded system has caused the health care industry to stagnate while other industries that have updated their management styles and changed with the times have flourished (Schwartz, 2002). Since transformational leadership is most effective in energizing and mobilizing individuals within organizations , the physicians of the health care industry would do well to take a moment or two, or even take a week and go on a retreat, to learn about the styles and benefits of transformational leadership. There are three stages that a medical office or institution must go through in order to instigate a change to transformational leadership. The first stage is to wake up the office, letting the others who work there know that they must improve or perish (Smith, 2003). Most businesses are slow to recognize the need for this important first step, and are hurt in the marketplace before they see the need to wake up; the same is true of medical practices, as patients can always go to the doctors office or the hospital around the corner where transformational leadership is practiced. Resistance to change needs to be guarded against; this is especially true in medical offices that are already successful and so see no reason to change (Smith, 2003). Stage two is to create a vision of the preferred practice paradigm for the office (Smith, 2003). The type and size of these paradigms need to be very specific. If a physician is able to give his or her patients clear picture of what is going to happen and why, those people will be more likely to go along with it. This stage is very important as without a clear picture, no one will understand what is being done (Smith, 2003). The clearer the picture the physician is able to paint, the better response he or she will have (Smith, 2003). Stage three is the actual re-working of the office (Smith, 2003). The stage involves re-training workers and developing new procedures to fit the new paradigm the physician has created. For most physicians, this is a fun stage, as it is very hands-on, challenging, and exciting. This is the stage where the physician gets to see his or her plan in action and can see how it is working; most often, a physician will notice a tremendous change for the better coming over the practice, and patients will report a greater degree of satisfaction with the service received there. After this, the only thing left for the physician to do is to continue to practice transformational leadership and to engage in ongoing development of the practice (Smith, 2003). With this type of leadership, physicians are better able to get people from where they are to where they need to be (Smith, 2003). Leadership is about the future (Bujak, 2001). In order to be effective and competitive, all businesses must embrace the changes that the future will bring. Micromanagement is an all-too-common management practice in the health care industry, and it belongs in the past (Bujak, 2001). Physicians have typically been some of the biggest practitioners of micromanagement, wanting to be involved in every aspect of running their practices, right down to the billing procedures. This causes stress not only for their employees, but for the physicians themselves. This is not effective leadership. However, imagine what could happen in the health care industry if physicians (and hospital administrators, as well) embraced a model of transformational leadership. A transformational leader in the health care industry would celebrate the workforce at his or her office or institution, and would revel in the diversity there; this diversity would not only be in race or gender, but also in style of working, personalities, and methods of learning. A transformational leader would embrace all of these things as each contributing something unique and important to the practice. By maintaining this attitude, the transformational leader would naturally reach out to and encourage all employees in their individual endeavors at the practice, thereby motivating them to do better and to achieve greater things than they could have achieved before. A transformational leader in the health care industry would also endeavor to remove any perceived barriers between employees and himself or herself. This would mean tearing down old hierarchical structures that made the physician leader unapproachable or intimidating to employees, By removing this barrier, the physician leader will succeed in making the practice a more open and hospitable place for employees, one in which they can feel comfortable expressing themselves, asking questions, clarifying objectives, and asking for help if they need it. A practice without institutional barriers between the physician leader and the employees is a relaxed, yet happier and more effective organization. A transformational leader in the health care industry trusts his or her employees and gives them the room they need to do their jobs in their own way. This is very important. Every person has a unique and different way of doing things, and what may work wonderfully for the physician leader may not work so well for a nurse or a receptionist. Under older ways of doing things, the physician leader would force those who worked in his or her office to conform to their method of doing everything, from organization to time management to how to greet a patient. For those employees who were not comfortable with this method of operation and who had different ways of doing things that they knew were just as effective, this sort of management created a stressful, almost hostile environment. By allowing employees the freedom to get things done in the way that suits them best, the physician leader is encouraging greater efficiency, fewer mistakes, and greater employee loyalty. A transformational leader also encourages innovation and allows his or her employees to take risks. Given the right circumstances and having the liberty to try, ordinary people will accomplish extraordinary things (Bujak, 2001). The transformational leader creates these circumstances. Without being given the freedom to take risks, employees will continue to perform in the same old ways, and this can be detrimental to the health care industry, especially now, when it is in such a great need of change. When given freedom to experiment with innovations, employees in the health care industry will often come up with wonderful solutions to long-standing problems. Even when a new innovation from an employee is not working out in the parameters of the practice, the transformational leader will offer encouragement to the employee who instigated it and guide him or her in a direction that may be better suited to the practice, allowing that employee to come up with the details on his or her own , and giving that employee the freedom to try. Environments such as these create the best sort of changes, and the ones that do the most good to the industry as a whole. A transformational leader will stop trying to manage other peoples problems. My being a sorter and not a savior and by making time for the important before the non-urgent, the transformational leader focuses on what is truly important in the organization and encourages a sense of responsibility in managing their own issues among employees. A transformational leader establishes the minimum standards that they will accept, and allows employees the freedom to determine how they will meet those standards; often, when left to their own devices, employees will exceed those standards many times over. Finally, a transformational leader prioritizes the values of the practice. In other words, a transformational leader establishes priorities for the practice and allocates resources to these priorities based on their importance. By making these priorities clear to employees and by backing that up with the allocation of resources, the transformational leader makes employees aware of what the objectives are for the practice and what the most important objectives are. By knowing this information, employees are better able to organize their time and focus their efforts. Prioritizing the values of the practice makes for a better, more tightly run practice all around and created happier employees and patients. In conclusion, transformational leadership is a leadership style that is dynamic and energetic, compassionate and trusting. Transformational leadership is the kind of leadership that makes organizations grow and thrive because the employees of those organizations are in a supportive environment that encourages them to take initiative and express their individuality, while at the same time providing them with clear objectives to aim for. A business that is operated with a transformational leadership style is one that is embracing the 21st century; such a business is giving itself every chance of not only succeeding but thriving. Transformational leaders use compassion and trust to build a sense of community in their workplaces. This sense of community motivates employees to be their best and to work toward the common good of the organization. With a transformational leader, no longer will employees be self-serving and only putting their most minimal effort out that it will take them to get by. When inspired by a transformational leader, employees come to have a sense of pride and purpose in the organization which employs them, and this breeds loyalty in employees. Loyal employees look out for the best interests of the organization because they feel connected to the organization. This kind of loyalty is one of the best investments a business can make in itself. Transformational leadership is especially needed in the healthcare industry. The healthcare industry is suffering from a lot of bad press at the moment, and a lot of patient dissatisfaction with the quality of care they receive. The people who work in the healthcare industry are suffering from stress and burnout. A lot of these problems are due to the stagnation of the healthcare industry. The healthcare industry is still mired in an old-fashioned system of hierarchy and protocol and proper channels to follow. Its system of operation is still very rigid, as far as its work environment goes. This rigid system is putting a lot of stress and strain on employees, and as a result, the quality of patient care is suffering. Transformational leadership has the possibility to change all of that for the health care industry. Transformational leadership would allow physicians, who are the usual leaders in a healthcare environment, to get closer to their employees on a professional level, which would bring about more openness in the workplace. This openness would lead to dialogues between physicians and employees as to what everyone involved envisions the practice to be and what each person sees their role in the practice to be. This meaningful dialogue would lead to a more relaxed atmosphere in the workplace, and this is only a start. In addition to fostering a more open working environment, transformational leadership in the healthcare industry would lead to a breaking down of the traditional hierarchical system that has kept physicians so removed from their employees. When physicians begin showing their employees individual compassion and concern, and begin celebrating the differences among them, employee satisfaction will rise. This will result in greater loyalty from employees, which will in turn lead to physicians being able to give employees greater trust and more freedom in taking initiative and risks in the workplace. This initiative and risk being taken will naturally lead to many improvements in the overall operation of the practice. In addition, physicians using a transformational leadership approach will be able to communicate a clear picture of the objectives of the practice, which employees will be happy to follow, as they will be given the room they need to be individuals in the operating of the pra ctice. This will lead to not only greater employee satisfaction, but to greater patient satisfaction as well. This, of course, is the main need of the healthcare industry currently. Transformational leadership, when used in its true form, has the power to transform the healthcare industry for the better.